In what way does religious fundamentalism typically respond to modernity?

Religious fundamentalism typically resists change and emphasizes traditional beliefs as a reaction to modernity. This response manifests in a desire to return to what adherents consider the "original" or "pure" practices of their faith. Fundamentalists often perceive modernity—characterized by rapid social changes, secularism, and scientific advances—as a threat to their core values and beliefs. By resisting these changes, they aim to preserve their religious identity and counteract influences they see as detrimental to their traditional worldview.

This insistence on maintaining traditional beliefs and practices is often accompanied by a skepticism towards modern secular ideologies, suggesting that a return to foundational principles is crucial for navigating the challenges posed by contemporary society. The fundamentalist approach frequently includes interpreting religious texts in a literal manner, reinforcing a strict adherence to dogma that contrasts sharply with the fluidity of modern interpretations.

In contrast, the other options reflect more adaptive approaches towards modernity—embracing change, advocating for integration with contemporary culture, or promoting the coupling of science and religious beliefs—which are not characteristic of fundamentalist movements. These movements typically prioritize their established beliefs over adaptation to modern contexts.