What distinguishes Sunni from Shia Islam?

Sunni and Shia Islam are primarily distinguished by their differing views on leadership succession after the Prophet Muhammad's death in the 7th century. This foundational disagreement arose over who was the rightful leader of the Muslim community. Sunnis emphasize a community-based consensus and believe that leaders (Caliphs) should be chosen through active election and community support. They accepted Abu Bakr, a close companion of Muhammad, as the first Caliph.

In contrast, Shia Muslims argue that leadership should remain within the Prophet's family, specifically through his cousin and son-in-law, Ali. They believe that Ali and his descendants were divinely appointed leaders (Imams) who possess special spiritual and political authority. This division has far-reaching implications beyond just leadership and influences theological beliefs, practices, and social structures within the two branches of Islam.

The other options, while aspects of Islamic belief and practice, do not capture the primary distinction between Sunni and Shia Islam. For example, beliefs in angelic beings, prayer rituals, and interpretations of the Quran are significant, but they do not fundamentally differentiate the two sects as the issue of leadership succession does. Understanding this distinction is crucial for grasping the historical and theological context of the divisions within Islam.