What is defined as the belief in the essential goodness of human beings and the right to independent thought?

The belief in the essential goodness of human beings and the right to independent thought aligns closely with the principles of liberalism. This concept emphasizes the importance of individual rights, personal freedom, and the capacity for human beings to reason and make ethical choices. Liberalism often supports social progress and reform, advocating for a more inclusive society that recognizes the inherent dignity and worth of each person.

In this context, liberalism is rooted in Enlightenment ideals, which placed a strong emphasis on reason, autonomy, and the belief that individuals are fundamentally good and capable of making moral choices. This contrasts with more dogmatic or restrictive views that may limit personal freedoms or impose strict beliefs on individuals.

The other terms—fundamentalism, nontheistic, and exclusivism—represent different religious or philosophical positions. Fundamentalism often refers to a strict adherence to specific beliefs or doctrines, often accompanied by a resistance to modern interpretations or changes. Nontheistic describes a worldview that does not center around belief in a deity or deities, while exclusivism is the belief that one's own religion is the only true path, denying validity to other beliefs. These concepts do not encapsulate the essence of goodness in humanity or the autonomy of thought as effectively as liberalism does