What was the Great Schism in Christianity?

The Great Schism in Christianity refers specifically to the significant division that occurred in 1054 between the Western Church, which became known as Roman Catholicism, and the Eastern Church, known as Eastern Orthodoxy. This split was the result of a combination of theological, political, and cultural differences that had developed over centuries, including disputes over papal authority and doctrinal differences such as the filioque controversy regarding the Holy Spirit.

This schism marked a pivotal moment in Christian history, leading to the distinct religious and cultural identities of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. The events surrounding the Great Schism included mutual excommunication and a breakdown of relations that have persisted to this day.

The other options represent different historical events or developments in Christianity but do not accurately describe the Great Schism. The formation of Protestant denominations occurred later, primarily during the 16th century with the Reformation, and is distinct from the earlier schism between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. Similarly, while the Reformation itself involved calls for reform within the Catholic Church, it is not directly tied to the events of the Great Schism. Establishing early Christian councils was an essential part of the development of early Church doctrine but does not pertain to the division that took place in