Who referred to religion as ultimate concern in man's spiritual life?

The notion of "ultimate concern" in relation to religion is attributed to Paul Tillich, a prominent theologian and philosopher. Tillich articulated that religion is not merely a set of beliefs or rituals but fundamentally relates to what individuals consider to be of ultimate significance and meaning in their lives. He posited that every person's ultimate concern reflects their deepest values and their understanding of existence, serving as a foundation upon which they build their lives.

This view emphasizes that religious experiences are deeply interconnected with a person's existential inquiries and emotional and spiritual needs. Tillich's emphasis on ultimate concern allows for a broad interpretation of religion that includes various belief systems and practices, acknowledging that individuals may seek meaning and fulfillment through different pathways.

The others listed, while influential in their own rights, approached religion from different angles. Emile Durkheim analyzed religion primarily in terms of its social functions and cohesion. Sigmund Freud viewed religion as an illusion and a psychological coping mechanism, often critiquing it rather than elevating its spiritual significance. Karl Marx critiqued religion as "the opiate of the masses," focusing on its societal role in perpetuating class structures rather than addressing individual spiritual concerns.